Hani Hanjour

Hani Hanjour (born August 30, 1972) (also spelled Hanjoor) was the pilot-trained hijacker on American Airlines Flight 77, which crashed into the Pentagon. When renting rooms, mailboxes, banking, and other activities, he varied his name, using "Hani Saleh", "Hany Saleh", and "Hami Hanjoor" in addition to Hani Hanjour and Hani Hanjoor.^[1]

Background

Hanjour was born on August 30, 1972 in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Hani Hanjour came from Ta'if in Saudi Arabia, which is located in western Saudi Arabia, on the other side of the Al-Sarawat mountains from Mecca.

According to his older brother, Hani Hanjour went to Afghanistan for the first time in the late 1980s, as a teenager, to participate in the jihad. Because the Soviets had already withdrawn, Hani worked for a relief agency there. Hanjour first came to the United States in 1991, to study at the Center for English as a Second Language at the University of Arizona. He obtained a B-2 (tourist) visa in September 1991.^[2] He then arrived in Tucson on October 3, 1991, via New York on a Saudi Arabian flight. He stayed in Arizona until February 1992, and then returned to Saudi Arabia.^[3]

1996 - Flight training

On November 2, 1996, Hani Hanjour applied for and received a U.S. visa.^[4] He returned to the United States to pursue flight training, after being rejected by a Saudi flight school. He checked out flight schools around the country. He lived for a month in Miramar, Florida, where a family friend, Susan Khalil, provided accommodations for him.^[5] While in Florida, Hanjour checked out flight schools. He also checked out flight schools in California, and Arizona; and he briefly started at a couple of them before returning to Saudi Arabia.

In 1997, he returned to Florida and then, along with two friends, went back to Arizona and began his flight training there in earnest. Hanjour trained at CRM Airline Training Center in Scottsdale, Arizona.^[6] After about three months, Hanjour was able to obtain his private pilot's license.

Hani's brother, Yasser, described him as "a frustrated young Saudi who wanted desperately - but never succeeded - to become a pilot for the Saudi national airline." The airline requires pilots to be FAA-certified in the U.S. (this also explains why the high number of Saudi students in U.S. flight schools; Saudi Arabia has since changed this requirement)^[7] Hani returned to the U.S. in 1999 and obtained a commercial pilot certificate, issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in April 1999. He then returned to Saudi Arabia.

Hanjour reportedly applied to the civil aviation school in Jeddah after returning home, but was rejected. He stayed home for a while. He was frustrated at not finding a job. His brother explained that Hani "spent hours online at a family-owned Internet cafe. He read voraciously about piloting, and increasingly turned his attention toward religious texts and cassette tapes of militant Islamic preachers."^[7]

Hani then left Saudi Arabia, telling his family that he was going to the United Arab Emirates to work for an airline. Where Hanjour actually traveled during this time period is unknown. It is possible he went to the training camps in Afghanistan.

Spring 2000

By the spring of 2000, Hanjour was back in Afghanistan. According to KSM, Hanjour was sent to him in Karachi for inclusion in the plot after Hanjour was identified in al Qaeda's al Faruq camp as a trained pilot, on the basis of background information he had provided. Hanjour had been at a camp in Afghanistan for a few weeks when Bin Ladin or Atef apparently realized that he was a trained pilot; he was told to report to KSM, who then trained Hanjour for a few days in the use of code words.

On June 20, Hanjour returned home to Saudi Arabia.

Application for a U.S. visa

On September 10, Hani Hanjour applied for a B-1/B- (tourist/business) visa in Jeddah, but was denied. He presented a new passport issued on July 24, 2000, when applying. The reason that he was denied, was that he made a statement on the application that "he would like to stay for three years in the United States". In an interview with a consular officer, Hanjour told the officer that "he was going to attend flight training school in the United States and wanted to change his status to “student” from “tourist” once he arrived in the United States. The officer told Hanjour, “Look, you have spent enough time in the States” to know what you want to do there, and denied the tourist visa. Hanjour was allowed to return later with additional information in support of his application.^[2]

Hanjour returned to the Jeddah consulate and, apparently having listened to what the consular officer told him, submitted another application for a student visa. This time, Hanjour stated a desire to attend the ELS Language Center in Oakland, California. A consular official—probably the intake screener—wrote a note on his application indicating that Hanjour had been denied a visa under section 221(g) on September 10. The same consular officer who had interviewed Hanjour in connection with his September 10 application also processed this one. Hanjour or someone acting on his behalf had submitted an INS school enrollment form, or I-20 required to qualify for a student visa to the consulate on September 25, 2000. The consular official explained, “It came to me, you know, at the end of the day to look at it. I saw he had an I-20, and it [his visa] was issued.”^[2]

State Department electronic records indicate that this approval allowed Hanjour to “overcome” his September 10 visa denial, another indication that multiple applications can be considered “one case.” State Department records erroneously recorded the visa issued to Hanjour as a B-1/B-2 {business/tourist) visa when, in fact, it was an F (student) visa that was printed and put in Hanjour’s passport. In addition, Hanjour had already received an approved change of status to attend this same English language school in 1996. But that approval was granted by the INS in the United States, and the State Department had no record of it. The consular officer said that if he had known this information, he might have refused Hanjour the visa.^[2]

After he obtained a U.S. student visa, he told his family he was returning to his job in the UAE. Hanjour did go to the UAE for a job, but to meet facilitator Ali Abdul Aziz Ali.

Returned to the U.S.

Ali opened a bank account in Dubai for Hanjour and providing the initial funds for his trip. On December 8, Hanjour traveled to San Diego, entering the U.S. on a student visa. The destination on his visa was an English language program in Oakland, California, which he had enrolled in before leaving Saudi Arabia. But, Hani Hanjour never showed up there. Instead, as mentioned earlier, he joined Nawaf al-Hazmi in San Diego.^[8]

Hazmi and Hanjour left San Diego almost immediately and drove to Arizona. Settling in Mesa, Hanjour began refresher training at his old school, Arizona Aviation. He wanted to train on multi-engine planes, but had difficulties because his English was not good enough. The instructor advised him to discontinue but Hanjour said he could not go home without completing the training. In early 2001, he started training on a Boeing 737 simulator at Pan Am International Flight Academy in Mesa. An instructor there found his work well below standard and discouraged him from continuing. Again, Hanjour persevered; he completed the initial training by the end of March 2001.

At that point, Hanjour and Hazmi vacated their apartment and started driving east, anticipating the arrival of the "muscle hijackers"-the operatives who would storm the cockpits and control the passengers. By as early as April 4, Hanjour and Hazmi had arrived in Falls Church, Virginia. Soon after arriving, Hanjour and al-Hamzi left for Mesa, Arizona, where Hanjour began refresher training at Arizona Aviation. By April 2001, they had relocated to Falls Church, Virginia, where they awaited the arrival of the "muscle" hijackers (the hijackers meant to intimidate those on board the hijacked plane). These men, Majed Moqed and Ahmed al-Ghamdi arrived together from Dubai at Dulles International Airport on May 2, 2001^[2] and moved into an apartment with al-Hazmi and Hanjour.

On May 21, 2001, Hanjour rented a room in Paterson, New Jersey, where the hijackers stayed through the end of August.^[9] Salem al-Hazmi was the younger brother of Nawaf al-Hazmi. Salem went to Afghanistan in early 2000, while Nawaf had trained earlier at the al-Faruq camp in Kandahar.^[10] Salem al-Hazmi arrived, along with Abdul Aziz al-Omari, on June 29, 2001 at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, on a flight from Dubai.^[2] Salem al-Hazmi stayed with Hani Hanjour in Paterson, New Jersey. Hani Hanjour received ground instruction and did practice flights at Air Fleet Training Systems in Teterboro, New Jersey, and at Caldwell Flight Academy in Fairfield, New Jersey.^[11]

Hanjour moved out of the room in Paterson and arrived at the Valencia Motel in Laurel, Maryland on September 2, 2001.^[9] While in Maryland, Hanjour and fellow hijackers trained at the Gold's Gym in Greenbelt. On September 10, he completed a certification flight at Congressional Air Charters in Gaithersburg, Maryland. There, he landed at a small airport with a difficult approach, and used terrain recognition system for navigation.^[12][13]

Timeline

1991

• September 21, 1991 - Hanjour obtained a visa in Jeddah, Saudia Arabia for travel to the United States
• October 1991 - Hanjour opened a bank account at the First Interstate Bank in Tucson, and used the account to pay rent in Tucson.
• October 3, 1991 - Hanjour arrived in New York, via Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 25, with Tuscon as his destination.
• October 3, 1991 - Hanjour rented 902 North Fourth Avenue #3 in Tucson from October 1991 until the beginning of February 1992.
• October 4, 1991 - Hanjour filed an application for admission to the University of Arizona's Center for English as a Second Language (CESL). He attended the English language program from October 14 to December 6, 1991.
• November 29, 1991 - Hanjour obtained an Arizona driver's license.

1992

• February 1, 1992 - Hani Hanjour left he place he rented at 902 North Fourth Avenue in Tucson.

1995

• November 25, 1995 - Hanjour submits a request for information to Slierra Aeronautical Academy Airlines Training Center (SAAATC)

1996

• March 19, 1996 - Hanjour obtains a U.S. visa, which was issued in Jeddah.
• April 2, 1996 - Hanjour arrived in the U.S., via New York, with his destination as 2812 Canal Rd., Miramar, Florida.
• April 1996 - Hanjour lived in Broward County, Florida, with ___ and visited the Dar Ul Loom Mosque on Pines Boulevard on a daily basis.
• April 15, 1996 - Hanjour obtains a Florida identification card.
• April 18, 1996 - SAAATC helps Hanjour to get enrolled in an intensive English language program.
• May 20 - April 26, 1996 - Hanjour attends language training at the ELS Languasge Center at Holy Names College in Oakland, California.
• May 17, 1996 - Hanjour signs a I-20 INS Certificat of Eligibility for Non-Immigrant Status for Academic and Language Students.
• May 20, 1996 - Hanjour begins homestay with a host family in Oakland. Hani was matched with the family.
• August 20, 1996 - SAAATC sends a letter to Hanjour at his Saudi Arabia address, indicating acceptance into SAAATC with a program starting date of September 3, 1996.
• September 3-9, 1996 - Hanjour attended ground school classes at SAAATC.
• September 6, 1996 - Hanjour ended his homestay.
• September 23, 1996 - Hanjour opened a Bank One account, with the address 14605 North Airport Drive #300, Scottsdale, Arizona.
• September 29 - October 15, 1996 - Hanjour took flight/ground instruction at Cockpit Resourec Management, Inc. in Scottsdale.
• November 1996 - Hanjour makes several phone calls to Saudi Arabia from Scottsdale, Arizona.
• November 26, 1996 - Hanjour departs the United States, via New York.
• December 30, 1996 - Hanjour makes a phone call to Saudi Arabia from Scottsdale, Arizona.

1997

• November 1997 - Hani Hanjour (and friend/relative) picked up ___ at the airport in Orlando
• November 2, 1997 - Hanjour obtains a U.S. visa in Jeddah.
• November 16, 1997 - Hanjour arrived in Atlanta, Georgia via Lufthansa Flight 444, with a destination in ____ Florida.
• December 1997 - Hanjour and ___ traveled to Arizona in early December; in late December, they picked up ___ at Sky Harbor Airport in Phoenix.
• December 9, 1997 - Hanjour and ___ applied for rental of apartment at ____ in Phoenix.
• December 10, 1997 - Hanjour and ___ rent an apartment/house located at ____ (Valle Cita Gardens) in Phoenix.
• December 10 - 19, 1997 - Hanjour took pilot training at Cockpit Resource Management, Inc. in Scottsdale.
• December 23, 1997 - Hanjour ___ and ___ purchased a 1990 Hyundai Excel.
• December 29, 1997 - February 19, 1998 - Hanjour took flight lessons at Arizona Aviation, along with ___.

1998

• February 23, 1998 - Hanjour took solo flight at Arizona Aviation.
• February 23, 1998 - Hanjour was apparently in Las Vegas on or about this time, based on review of his Bank One statements.
• February 24 - March 9, 1998 - Hanjour took flight lessons at Arizona Aviation.
• March 10, 1998 - Hanjour took a solo flight at Arizona Aviation.
• March 13 - 14, 1998 - Hanjour took pilot private training on C-172 at Arizona Aviation.
• March 15, 1998 - Hanjour took a solo flight at Arizona Aviation.
• March 17, 1998 - Hanjour took private pilot training on C-172 at Arizona Aviation.
• March 19, 1998 - Hanjour rented an apartment at ___ Vineyard in Mesa, Arizona.
• March 24, 1998 - Hanjour took private pilot training at Arizona Aviation.
• March 30 - April 1, 1998 - Hanjour took private pilot training at Arizona Aviation.
• April 13, 1998 - Hanjour took a solo flight at Arizona Aviation.
• April 22, 1998 - Hanjour took private pilot training at Arizona Aviation.
• April 23, 1998 - Hanjour took a solo flight at Arizona Aviation.
• May 19 - 21, 1998 - Hanjour took flight lessons at Arizona Aviation.
• May 23 - June 5, 1998 - Hanjour took basic instrument training including "vertical S", "scanning", "unusual attitude recovery and stalls", "steep turns", "slow flight", "partial panel", "timed turn and compass turn review", and "pattern A" (holding patterns) at Arizona Aviation.
• June 15, 1998 - Hanjour submitted a visa extension request, listing his address as 1025 E. Orange Street in Tempe.
• June 17, 1998 - Hanjour took instrument training including "compass time turned reviews", "pattern A review" and "pattern B" in Cessna 152 at Arizona Aviation.
• June 18 - 19, 1998 - Hanjour took flight simulator (ASD 300) trainign on basic VOR (VHS Omni-Direction Range) navigation at Arizona Aviation.
• June 20, 1998 - Henjour purchased block of simulator time from Superstition Air.
• June 21 - 24, 1998 - Hanjour took flight simulator training (ASD 300) including "Pattern B" and "VOR Operations" at Arizona Aviation.
• June 25 - 26, 1998 - Hanjour took simulator training at Arizona Aviation.
• July 1, 1998 - Hanjour took simulator training including "VOR Holding" at Arizona Aviation.
• July 2, 1998 - Hanjour took "VOR Holdings" in Cessna 172 at Arizona Aviation.
• July 7 - 16, 1998 - Hanjour took instrument training on ASD 300 simulator including "VOR Holdings", "DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) fix hold", "intersection hold", "ILS" (Instrument Landing System), "missed approach" and "approach preparation" at Arizona Aviation.
• August 12, 1998 - Hanjour took "ILS approaches to Williams Gateway Airport" and "localizer approach" to same runway in Cessna 172 at Arizona Aviation.
• September 1 - 2, 1998 - Hanjour took "ILS/DME approaches at Casa Grande Airport", "DME Arc", "VOR approach, 4 left, Chandler Airport" (two approaches), "VOR-Alpha approach at Stellar Airport" training in Cessna 172 at Arizona Aviation.
• September 3, 1998 - Hanjour cited by Mesa Police Department for mandatory insurance suspension and expired Arizona registration while driving a 1990 Hyundai Excel. Hanjour provided an international driver's license from Saudi Arabia.
• September 6, 1998 - Hanjour took "NDB (non-directional beacon) operations" and "NDB approach to 4-left, Chandler Airport" in Cessna 172-RG (retractable gear) at Arizona Aviation.
• September 30 - October 12, 1998 - Hanjour took flight lessons at Arizona Aviation.
• October 6, 1998 - Hanjour sold the 1990 Hyundai Excel.
• October 13, 1998 - Hanjour took pilot training on C-172 from Amro Hassan.
• October 15 and 18, 1998 - Hanjour took pilot training on C-172 at Arizona Aviation.
• November 15 - 26, 1998 - Hanjour took pilot training on C-172 at Arizona Aviation.
• November 27, December 3, and December 4, 1998 - Hanjour took solo flights at Arizona Aviation.

1999

• January 1999 - Hanjour (apt) ____
• January 2 - 11, 1999 - Hanjour took commercial pilot training on PA 23-150 from ___.
• January 12, 1999 - Hanjour checked out a PA 28-161 aircraft, instructed by ___.
• February 24, March 2, 3, and 4, 1999 - Hanjour took solo flights at Arizona Aviation.
• March 1, 8, 10, 13, 19, and 20, 1999 - Hanjour took private pilot training on PA 23-150 and also took solo flight at Arizona Aviation.
• April 7, 1999 - Hanjour undergoes medical examination for FAA Medical Certificate First Class.
• April 10 and 13, 1999 - Hanjour took commercial pilot training on PA 123-150 from ___.
• April 15, 1999 - Hanjour earns a Commercial Pilot certificate from the FAA.
• April 15, 1999 - Hanjour took a solo flight at Arizona Aviation.
• April 28, 1999 - Hanjour scheduled to depart the United States via JFK Airport on Royal Jordanian Flight 262 to Amman, Jordan.

2000

• Spring - Hanjour was in Afghanistan.^[14]
• June 20 - Hanjour returned home to Saudi Arabia^[14]
• June - Spent time in Pakistan.^[4]
• September 10 - Hanjour applied for a B1/B-2 (tourist/business) visa in Jeddah, submitting a new passport issued on July 24, 2000. Hanjour stated on his application that he would like to stay for three years in the United States, which raised concerns among consular authorities who thought he was at risk of becoming an immigrant to the United States. Hanjour was sent before a consular officer for an interview, during which he stated he was going to attend flight training school in the United States and wanted to change his status to "student" from "tourist" once he arrived in the United States. The officer told Hanjour, "Look, you have spent enough time in the States" to know what you want to do there. His prior travel to the United States disqualified Hanjour from receiving a tourist visa in order to go to the United States and find a school, "because he had been in the States long enough to decide what he wanted." For these reasons, the officer denied Hanjour's application under INA section 221(g), which is a general denial that permitted the applicant to return with additional information in support of the application.^[2] The State Department official noted "(Hanjour) like to stay three years & more! Going to flight training school."
• September 11 (approx) - American Support Group (ASG), De Skries 60, 8702 CB Bolsward, Netherlands received an application for flight training from Hanjour. After an exchange of e-mails explaining the procedures, Hanjour never enrolled in ASG nor its affiliate school Pinnacle Flight Academy (PFA) at Hangor & Wiley Post Airport, Bethany, Oklahoma.
• September 18 - ELS received a 2000 English programs application from Hanjour.
• September 25 - F-1 student visa issued in Jeddah to Hani Hanjour.
• September 25 - Hanjour sent a check to Cockpit Resources Management.
• September 25 - Hanjour returned to the Jeddah consulate and, apparently having listened to what the consular officer told him, submitted another application for a student visa. He had enrolled at the ELS Language Center in Oakland, California, and submitted an INS school enrollment form, I-20 that was required. His student visa was approved and issued.^[2]
• October 10 - ELS received information advising that Hanjour would be joining the ELS program on November 6 instead of October 9 due to "unavoidable circumstances."
• November 6 - Hanjour applied for ELS classes in Oakland, but he never attended any classes.
• December 8 - Hanjour arrived in San Diego.^[14] He entered the United States at Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport. He never attended the ELS Language Center in Oakland, California, the stated destination on his second visa application of September 25, 2000. His records do not indicate the length of stay the primary immigration inspector gave him.^[2]
• December - Soon after arriving, Hanjour and Hamzi left for Mesa, Arizona where he began refresher training at Arizona Aviation.^[14]

2001

• March - Hanjour completes training in Arizona.
• March - Hanjour and Hazmi vacated their apartment and started driving east, anticipating the arrival of the "muscle hijackers".^[14]
• April 4 (as early as) - Hanjour and al-Hazmi arrived in Falls Church, Virginia.^[14]
• May 21 - Rents room R3 at 486 Union Ave in Paterson, New Jersey, with al-Hazmi as a roommate. Hanjour identified himself to landlord Jim Nouri, as a student at Passaic County Community College, and used the name "Hani Saleh".^[15] They continued to rent the room through the end of August.^[16][17]
• Summer - Hanjour received additional training and practice flights. Hanjour started receiving ground instruction at Air Fleet Training Systems in Teterboro, New Jersey, soon after arriving in New Jersey with Hazmi. While at Air Fleet Training Systems, he requested to fly the Hudson Corridor, which he did fly. However, his instructor declined a second request because of what he considered Hanjour's poor piloting skills. Shortly thereafter, Hanjour switched to Caldwell Flight Academy in Fairfield, New Jersey, where he rented small aircraft on several occasions during June and July. In one such instance on July 20, Hanjour-likely accompanied by Hazmi-rented a plane from Caldwell and took a practice flight from Fairfield to Gaithersburg, Maryland, a route that would have allowed them to fly near Washington, D.C. Other evidence suggests that Hanjour may even have returned to Arizona for flight simulator training earlier in June.^[14]
• August 1 - Mihdhar and Hanjour fraudulently obtained Virginia identification cards in Falls Church.^[2]
• August - Hani Hanjour flew test flights across the U.S.^[14]
• September 5 - Hanjour obtained a Maryland identification card.^[2]
• September 2 - Hanjour moves out of the room in Paterson, New Jersey,^[18] and arrives at Valencia Motel in Laurel, Maryland.
• September 2–6 - Hanjour and the other four Flight 77 hijackers were seen working out at Gold's Gym in Greenbelt, Maryland. They worked out there, as guest members; thus, were not required to provide their addresses.^[19]

Piloting skills

Claim

Hani Hanjour had poor piloting skills, and couldn't have executed a 270° (or 330°) turn that the aircraft made before its final approach in hitting the Pentagon.

Fact

The main concerns that flight instructors had about Hani were his poor English language skills and behavior problems.

• "He didn't do his homework, didn't attend on time and he would sort of come and go," said Duncan Hastie of Cockpit Resource Management.^[20]

• "He wasn't the greatest of students in terms of his attitude, but most of that was his lack of ability to communicate in English, and I don't speak Arabic." said one of his flight instructors in Arizona.^[5]

• Peggy Chevrette, the manager for the now-defunct JetTech flight school in Phoenix, "Hanjour's English was so poor that it took him five hours to complete a section of a mock pilot's oral exam that is supposed to last just a couple of hours."^[21]

Hani Hanjour did have a commercial pilots license, as well as instrument rating. Many concerns expressed about his ability had to do with his poor English language skills. The FAA requires commercial pilots to be able to speak and write fluently in English.^[22]

The New York Daily News spoke with an expert who said, "steering a large jet into a huge building wouldn't require a great deal of skill because taking off and landing are the most difficult maneuvers. A few hours in a twin-engine plane or a decent simulator could get you there."^[23]

Freeway Airport in Bowie

Loose Change includes a clip from an interview with Marcel Bernard, chief flight instructor Freeway Airport in Bowie. That's where Hani Hanjour came in August to rent a small plane. They took him on three test runs and "found he had trouble controlling and landing the single-engine Cessna 172." (What does landing an airplane have to do with crashing an airplane into a building?) They wanted Hanjour to have more time with an instructor before allowing him to rent an aircraft on his own.^[24]

Hanjour did have his commercial pilot's license and showed them his log book which cataloged over 600 hours of flying experience.^[25] However, due to concern with his piloting skills, as well as the fact that Hanjour refused to provide an address and phone number (a standard part of the plane rental application), they declined his request to rent an aircraft.^[19]

Despite Hanjour's poor reviews, he did have some ability as a pilot, said Bernard of Freeway Airport. "There's no doubt in my mind that once that [hijacked jet] got going, he could have pointed that plane at a building and hit it."^[25]

330 degree turn

The 330 or 270 or whatever degree diving turn itself is consistent with a pilot scanning for visible landmarks and suddenly spotting his target, and not consistent with remote or autonomous systems. A pilot running remotely would not have the same visual acuity, -- looking through a camera, say -- and would absolutely have to be using other sensors (GPS, terrain-following radar, etc.) in which case he'd have the Pentagon pretty clearly marked. There would be no need for a sudden correction like that. He'd have a better flight plan from the beginning.^[26]

The plane (or drone) was remotely piloted

While theoretically possible, it would be enormously difficult to have piloted Flight 77 remotely or automatically. Remote guidance of the aircraft would not have improved its flying characteristics or performance. Quite the opposite, in fact. An autonomous aircraft control system will stay away from the limits of performance whenever possible, simply because the autonomous control system may not be stable there -- it may not react quickly enough, may accidentally overshoot, or it may have never encountered those conditions and behave unpredictably. Similarly, a remotely controlled aircraft will avoid challenging flight regimes because the pilot suffers additional delay, and cannot completely sense what his aircraft is doing.^[26]

Was Hani Hanjour really on Flight 77?

After the 9/11 attacks, the Arab News in Saudi Arabia reported that Hani Hanjour's family in Taif (Saudi Arabia) was accepting condolences. They understood and believed Hani was on the flight and had died.^[27]

References

Other references

• Hanjour a Study in Paradox - The Washington Post (October 15, 2001)
• Three Hijackers Had San Diego Ties, 10news.com
• A Hub for Hijackers Found in New Jersey - New York Times (about his time in Paterson, NJ)